Fraeulein as a form of address is generally considered offensive in contemporary German culture. Although historically used to denote unmarried women, the term reflects outdated gender norms. Today, adult women are universally addressed as Frau.
Historical Evolution of Frau and Fraeulein
The use of both terms has changed significantly over the centuries. Frau originates from the Althochdeutsch (the Old High German) word frô, which meant Herr (Mister, Sir, Lord). The origin of the word is masculine because a woman was linguistically considered an extension of a man. Over time, the term evolved to mean My Lady or Madam. Eventually, it became the standard term for addressing a noblewoman. By 1800, Frau became the conventional address for a married woman.
On the other hand, Fraeulein, akin to the English word miss, initially conveyed respect for junior female members of noble families. By the late 19th century, however, it began to be used for unmarried women of all social classes, regardless of age. By the 1960s, the term was widely seen as condescending, sexist, and disrespectful. In 1972, West German authorities officially phased out the use of Fraeulein in all formal contexts.
Why Fraeulein is Considered Offensive
Fraeulein is the diminutive form of Frau and translates to “little Frau,” akin to all German words ending in -chenor -lein, such as Maedchen (girl) or Maennlein (little man). The diminutive suggests that a woman only becomes a Frau upon marriage, emphasizing marital status over personal or professional accomplishments. In contrast, there is no equivalent diminutive for men, as young men are universally addressed as Herr (Mister), regardless of marital status.
“Fraeulein” as a form of address is considered offensive in contemporary Germany cultury. https://www.walled-in-berlin.com, Image courtesy of Mohamed Hassan at Pixabay.
Proper Addressing Practices in Modern Germany
Today, proper etiquette dictates using Frau followed by the lady’s last name (e.g. Frau Miller) for all adult women over 18. For teenage girls, aged 16 to 18, it is appropriate to use their first name and Sie (formal “you”). Younger girls under 15 can be addressed by their first name and du (familiar “you”).
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